Apparatus and method for controlling use of a register cache

ABSTRACT

An apparatus and method are provided for controlling use of a register cache. The apparatus has execution circuitry for executing instructions to process data values, and a register file comprising a plurality of registers in which to store the data values for access by the execution circuitry. A register cache is also provided that has a plurality of entries and is arranged to cache a subset of the data values for access by the execution circuitry. Each entry is arranged to cache a data value and an indication of the register associated with that cached data value. Prefetch circuitry then performs prefetch operations to prefetch data values from the register file into the register cache. Timing indication storage is used to store, for each data value to be generated as a result of instructions being executed within the execution circuitry, a register identifier for that data value, and timing information indicating when that data value will be generated by the execution circuitry. Cache usage control circuitry is then responsive to receipt of a plurality of register identifiers associated with source data values for a pending instruction yet to be executed by the execution circuitry, to generate, with reference to the timing information in the timing indication storage, a timing control signal to control timing of at least one prefetch operation performed by the prefetch circuitry. Such an approach can lead to significant improvements in the efficiency of utilisation of the register cache.

BACKGROUND

The present technique relates to an apparatus and method for controlling use of a register cache.

As data processing systems increase in complexity, the size of the register file (also known as a register bank) accessible to a processor has significantly increased. Modern day processors may implement a variety of different mechanisms aimed at increasing throughput, and may for example allow multiple instructions to be executed simultaneously using different execution pipelines. Register renaming techniques may be used to increase the ability to parallelise instruction execution. This has led to an overall increase in the number or registers provided by the register file, and also has tended to lead to an increase in the number of read and write ports provided for the register file.

As the register file increases in size and complexity, the time taken to access the register file can become significant, and potentially place a timing limitation on the performance of the processor.

One proposal to seek to alleviate the timing constraint resulting from access to the register file is to use a register cache to cache a subset of the data held in the register file. The processor can then attempt to access the required data in the register cache, and only in the event that the data is not in the register cache will an access to the register file be required. In order to improve the benefits available from such an approach, it is desirable to reduce the occurrence of misses within the register cache.

SUMMARY

In one example configuration, there is provided an apparatus comprising: execution circuitry to execute instructions to process data values; a register file comprising a plurality of registers to store the data values for access by the execution circuitry; a register cache comprising a plurality of entries and arranged to cache a subset of the data values for access by the execution circuitry, each entry arranged to cache a data value and an indication of the register associated with that cached data value; prefetch circuitry to perform prefetch operations to prefetch data values from the register file into the register cache; timing indication storage to store, for each data value to be generated as a result of instructions being executed within the execution circuitry, a register identifier for said data value and timing information indicating when that data value will be generated by the execution circuitry; and cache usage control circuitry, responsive to receipt of a plurality of register identifiers associated with source data values for a pending instruction yet to be executed by the execution circuitry, to generate, with reference to the timing information in the timing indication storage, a timing control signal to control timing of at least one prefetch operation performed by the prefetch circuitry.

In another example configuration, there is provided a method of operating an apparatus having execution circuitry to execute instructions to process data values, and a register file comprising a plurality of registers to store the data values for access by the execution circuitry, the method comprising: providing a register cache comprising a plurality of entries and arranged to cache a subset of the data values for access by the execution circuitry, each entry arranged to cache a data value and an indication of the register associated with that cached data value; employing prefetch circuitry to perform prefetch operations to prefetch data values from the register file into the register cache; storing in timing indication storage, for each data value to be generated as a result of instructions being executed within the execution circuitry, a register identifier for said data value and timing information indicating when that data value will be generated by the execution circuitry; and in response to receipt of a plurality of register identifiers associated with source data values for a pending instruction yet to be executed by the execution circuitry, generating, with reference to the timing information in the timing indication storage, a timing control signal to control timing of at least one prefetch operation performed by the prefetch circuitry.

In a yet further example configuration there is provided an apparatus comprising: execution means for executing instructions to process data values; register file means comprising a plurality of registers for storing the data values for access by the execution means; a register cache means for providing a plurality of entries and for caching a subset of the data values for access by the execution means, each entry arranged to cache a data value and an indication of the register associated with that cached data value; prefetch means for performing prefetch operations to prefetch data values from the register file means into the register cache means; timing indication storage means for storing, for each data value to be generated as a result of instructions being executed within the execution means, a register identifier for said data value and timing information indicating when that data value will be generated by the execution means; and cache usage control means, responsive to receipt of a plurality of register identifiers associated with source data values for a pending instruction yet to be executed by the execution means, for generating, with reference to the timing information in the timing indication storage means, a timing control signal to control timing of at least one prefetch operation performed by the prefetch means.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present technique will be described further, by way of example only, with reference to embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an apparatus of one example arrangement;

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of the operand analysis circuitry of FIG. 1 in accordance with one example;

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates interaction between the rename circuitry and the speculative source operand buffer of FIG. 1 in accordance with one example;

FIG. 4 identifies fields provided within entries of the register bank cache in accordance with one example;

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating one example of the operation of the prefetch circuitry when processing a prefetch request;

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating one example of how the prefetch circuitry handles processing of the buffer entries;

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating an optional modification for the last two steps of the process of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a further mechanism that may be used to influence the activities of the prefetch circuitry in one example arrangement;

FIG. 9 illustrates in more detail information maintained within the Tag Q storage of FIG. 8 in accordance with one example;

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating one example of the operation of the register bank cache usage control circuitry of FIG. 8;

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram schematically illustrating how the timing control information may be utilised to control prefetching in accordance with one specific example; and

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating one example of how the issue queue may interact with the register bank cache usage control circuitry.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Before discussing examples with reference to the accompanying figures, the following description of examples is provided.

In one embodiment, an apparatus is provided that has execution circuitry for executing instructions in order to process data values, and a register file comprising a plurality of registers in which to store the data values for access by the execution circuitry. A register cache is also provided that has a plurality of entries, and is arranged to cache a subset of the data values for access by the execution circuitry. Each entry is arranged to cache a data value and an indication of the register associated with that cached data value. Prefetch circuitry is then used to perform prefetch operations in order to prefetch data values from the register file into the register cache.

In the embodiments described herein, mechanisms are described to influence the prefetch operations performed by the prefetch circuitry, in order to seek to make more efficient use of the register cache.

In one embodiment, timing indication storage is provided for storing, for each data value to be generated as a result of instructions being executed within the execution circuitry, a register identifier for that data value and timing information indicating when that data value will be generated by the execution circuitry. Hence, for each of the instructions that are “in-flight” within the execution circuitry, the timing indication storage can provide an indication of when the result will be produced for that instruction, and the register that is to be the destination for that result.

Cache usage control circuitry is then responsive to receipt of a plurality of register identifiers associated with source data values for a pending instruction yet to be executed by the execution circuitry, to reference the timing information in the timing indication storage, and then generate a timing control signal based on that timing information, with that timing control signal being used to control timing of at least one prefetch operation performed by the prefetch circuitry.

By such an approach, situations can be detected where at least one of the source data values for a pending instruction will actually be formed by a result to be generated by an instruction currently being executed by the execution circuitry, with the timing indication storage then being referenced in order to determine when that result will be available, and with that information then being used to control the timing of one or more prefetch operations performed by the prefetch circuitry in association with the source operands of that pending instruction. This can ensure that the activities of the prefetch circuitry can be controlled, with the aim of ensuring that the source operands required by a pending instruction are prefetched into the register cache, but are not prefetched significantly earlier than they might be able to be used.

In particular, purely by way of illustration, if the information derived from the timing indication storage indicates that one of the source operands required by a pending instruction will not be generated until four clock cycles time, this information can be used to influence the time at which the prefetch circuitry prefetchs the other source operands into the register cache. In particular, it may choose to defer prefetching those operands for several clock cycles so that they do not take up space within the register cache too early.

Hence, in summary, when at least one of the source data values for a pending instruction is formed by the result of another instruction currently being executed within the execution circuitry, the prefetch circuitry may use the timing control signal to control the time at which at least one of the other source data values becomes available in the register cache to take into account the time of availability of the result of that other instruction.

In one embodiment, the plurality of register identifiers associated with the source data values comprise at least one register identifier identified in the timing indication storage and at least one remaining register identifier. The cache usage control circuitry may then be arranged to use the timing information associated with said at least one register identifier to generate the timing control signal. The prefetch circuitry may then be arranged to use the timing control signal to control a time at which a prefetch operation is performed using the at least one remaining register identifier.

By such an approach, the prefetch circuitry may be arranged to use the timing control signal to seek to control the time at which data currently stored in each register identified by said at least one remaining register identifier is loaded into the register cache, to take into account the time at which a data value associated with said at least one register identifier will be generated by the execution circuitry.

Such an approach can be used to seek to generally align the time at which the various source operands for a pending instruction become available in the register cache with the aim that all of the required source operands are available in the register cache, and that all of those operands become available within the register cache at about the same time. This avoids any of the source operands being prefetched into the register cache significantly earlier than the time at which they might be consumed by the execution circuitry, hence allowing more efficient utilisation of the register cache. In particular, it can assist in reducing the required size of the register cache whilst still enabling the necessary operands required by instructions to be promoted into the register cache by the time the instructions are ready to be dispatched to the execution circuitry.

In one embodiment, it may be arranged that each result generated by the execution circuitry is stored back to one of the registers in the register file, namely the register identified by the instruction as being the destination register for the result. However, in one embodiment the apparatus may further comprise destination control circuitry to determine, for each data value generated by the execution circuitry, whether to write the data value into the register cache. Hence, by such an approach, result data can be written directly into the register cache, rather than having to be first written into the destination register within the register file. In one embodiment, the destination control circuitry may determine to write the data value into the register cache instead of the destination register in the register file, or alternatively may store the data value into the register cache in addition to causing the data value to be written into the destination register of the register file.

In one embodiment the cache usage control circuitry can control the action undertaken by the destination control circuitry. For example, in one embodiment the cache usage control circuitry may be arranged to send a notification to the destination control circuitry when the register identifier for a data value to be generated by the execution circuitry matches one of the register identifiers associated with the source data values for said pending instruction, and the destination control circuitry is responsive to said notification to write the data value into the register cache when that data value is output from the execution circuitry. Hence, by such an approach, the cache usage control circuitry can identify situations where the result value should be written into the register cache.

In one embodiment, the prefetch circuitry may then be arranged to use the timing control signal to seek to align a time at which one or more remaining source data values for said pending instruction are loaded from the register file into the register cache, and the time at which the destination control circuitry writes said data value into the register cache. By such an approach, the apparatus may seek to make all of the required source data values for the pending instruction available within the register cache at around the same time.

In one embodiment, in the absence of said notification the destination control circuitry is arranged to write said data value into the identified register of the register file rather than writing said data value into the register cache. Hence in such an embodiment, the destination control circuitry will write a result data value into the register file by default, but will selectively write result data values into the register cache in the presence of the above mentioned notification from the cache usage control circuitry.

The point in time at which the cache usage control circuitry receives, for a pending instruction, an indication of the plurality of register identifiers associated with source data values for that pending instruction can vary depending on embodiment. In one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises issue circuitry to store pending instructions prior to issuance to the execution circuitry, and the cache usage control circuitry is arranged to analyse the plurality of register identifiers associated with source data values for each pending instruction in the issue circuitry.

In one particular embodiment, the cache usage control circuitry is arranged to receive the plurality of register identifiers associated with source data values for each pending instruction at the time that pending instruction is provided to the issue circuitry. Accordingly, in this embodiment, the cache usage control circuitry can perform the above mentioned steps to generate a timing control signal, by performing an analysis as each pending instruction is added to the issue circuitry.

There are a number of ways in which the information about the source register identifiers for a pending instruction can be provided to the cache usage control circuitry. In one embodiment, the apparatus may employ a register renaming scheme, and the above mentioned operations of the cache usage control circuitry can be triggered by signals passing from the rename circuitry to the issue circuitry.

In particular, in one embodiment, the number of registers in the register file may exceed a number of architectural registers specifiable by the instructions, and the apparatus may further comprise rename circuitry to map the architectural register specified by the instructions to registers within the register file. As a result, when instructions are executed by the execution circuitry, data values are accessed using the register identifiers determined by the rename circuitry. With such an embodiment, the rename circuitry may be arranged to provide an input to the issue circuitry, and also to provide to the cache usage control circuitry the plurality of register identifiers associated with source data values for each pending instruction.

The contents of the timing indication storage may vary depending on embodiment, but in one embodiment the issue circuitry may be arranged to add an entry to the timing indication storage as each pending instruction is dispatched to the execution circuitry. In particular, at this point, the issue circuitry may be able to determine how long the instruction will take to execute, and accordingly how long it will be before the data value forming the result will be available. Accordingly, at the point of dispatching an instruction to the execution circuitry, it can populate an entry in the timing indication storage to indicate the register that is associated with the result data value, and the timing information that will indicate when that data value will be generated by the execution circuitry.

In one particular embodiment, the execution circuitry comprises a plurality of pipelined execution units having differing pipeline lengths, and the timing information associated with a data value to be generated as a result of executing an instruction takes into account the pipeline length of the pipelined execution unit that is executing that instruction. Hence, the issue circuitry may be provided with an indication of the number of pipeline stages within each pipelined execution unit, and then, based on the knowledge of which execution unit a particular instruction has been issued to, can provide the appropriate timing information within the timing indication storage.

In addition, or as an alternative to, using the output from the rename circuitry to trigger the above mentioned operations of the cache usage control circuitry, the issue circuitry may itself trigger the cache usage control circuitry to perform such operations. In particular, in one embodiment the issue circuitry may comprise dependency identification circuitry to identify dependencies between pending instructions stored in the issue queue. By reference to the dependency identification circuitry, the issue circuitry can for example detect a situation where a first pending instruction will generate a result that is required as a source data value for a second pending instruction, at a point in time when neither the first pending instruction or the second pending instruction have been dispatched to the execution circuitry. Then, in one embodiment the issue circuitry may be arranged to forward to the cache usage control circuitry the register identifiers associated with source data values for the second pending instruction when the first pending instruction is issued to the execution circuitry, so as to cause the cache usage control circuitry to generate, with reference to the timing information in the timing indication storage, a timing control signal to control timing of at least one prefetch operation performed by the prefetch circuitry for the identified registers of the second pending instruction.

In particular, by such an approach, when the first pending instruction is issued to the execution circuitry, this will cause an entry to be made in the timing indication storage, and accordingly by then triggering action of the cache usage control circuitry based on the source register identifiers for the second pending instruction, this can cause an appropriate timing control signal to be issued to the prefetch circuitry to control the prefetching of the other source operands required by the second pending instruction.

In addition, in one embodiment, prior to the first pending instruction being issued to the execution circuitry, the issue circuitry may be arranged to forward to the cache usage control circuitry a trigger to cause the cache usage control circuitry to generate a preliminary timing control signal to provide an indication of a minimum time period before which the source data values will be required in connection with the second pending instruction. The prefetch circuitry may then be arranged to use the preliminary timing control signal to control timing of at least one prefetch operation performed by the prefetch circuitry for the identified registers of the second pending instruction. Accordingly, by such an approach, even whilst the first and the second pending instructions still reside within the issue circuitry, and neither has been issued to the execution circuitry, the prefetch circuitry may be primed to consider prefetching operands required by the second pending instruction, but to take into account a minimum time period before that data will be required. Purely by way of example, if the issue circuitry knows that the first instruction will take eight clock cycles to complete once it has been dispatched to the execution circuitry, then since the first pending instruction has not yet been issued, it is known that it will be at least eight cycles before the source operands for the second pending instruction will be required, and this information can be provided to the prefetch circuitry to ensure that the source operands for the second pending instruction are not prefetched too early.

The manner in which the register cache and the register file are utilised can vary dependent on embodiment, but in one embodiment, when the execution circuitry is to execute an instruction, the register cache is arranged to perform a lookup operation in response to a register identifier identifying a data value required by the execution circuitry, such that the required data value is retrieved from the register cache rather than the register file when that data value is cached within the register cache. Hence, by such an approach, data values are preferentially accessed from the register cache when those data values are available in the register cache. Since the register cache is typically significantly smaller than the register file, the data values can be accessed quicker from the register cache, and accordingly such an approach can significantly improve performance.

Particular examples will now be described with reference to the Figures.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an apparatus in one example arrangement. The apparatus includes instruction side (ISIDE) circuitry 10 whose primary purpose is to retrieve instructions from memory 85 for provision to decode circuitry 20. Typically one or more levels of cache will be provided between the ISIDE circuitry 10 and the memory 85, for example the level one instruction cache 70 shown in FIG. 1, and one or more further levels of cache 80.

The apparatus includes processing circuitry that is arranged as a processing pipeline to process the instructions fetched from memory. In this example, the processing pipeline includes a number of pipeline stages including a decode stage implemented by the decode circuitry 20, a rename stage implemented by the renaming circuitry 30, an issue stage implemented by the issue circuitry 40, and an execute stage implemented by the execution circuitry 50.

The ISIDE circuitry 10 may include fetch circuitry 90 which will be arranged to fetch instructions from the memory by issuing requests to the level one instruction cache 70. The fetch circuitry may usually fetch instructions sequentially from successive instruction addresses. However, the fetch circuitry may also have access to a branch prediction circuitry 92 for predicting the outcome of branch instructions, and in such cases the fetch circuitry can fetch instructions from a (non-sequential) branch target address if the branch is predicted taken, or from the next sequential address if the branch is predicted not taken. The branch predictor may include one or more branch history tables for storing information for predicting whether certain branches are likely to be taken or not. For example, the branch history tables may include counters for tracking the actual outcomes of previously executed branches or representing confidence in predictions made for branches. The branch prediction circuitry may also have access to a branch target address cache (BTAC) for caching previous target addresses of branch instructions so that these can be predicted on subsequent encounters of the same branch instructions.

The fetched instructions may be placed in an instruction buffer 95, from where they are passed to the decode circuitry 20 which decodes the instructions to generate decoded instructions. The decoded instructions may comprise control information for controlling the execution circuitry 50 to perform the appropriate processing operations. For some complex instructions fetched from memory, the decode circuitry 20 may map those instructions to multiple decoded instructions, which may be known as micro-operations (μops or uops). Hence, there may not be a one-to-one relationship between the instructions fetched from the level one instruction cache 70 and instructions as seen by later stages of the pipeline. In general, references to “instructions” in the present application should be interpreted as including micro-operations.

In the example arrangement shown in FIG. 1, the decoded instructions are passed to rename circuitry 30 which maps the architectural registers specified by the instructions to physical registers within the register bank 62 of the register storage 60. Register renaming is a technique that can be used to eliminate false data dependencies arising from the re-use of architectural registers by successive instructions that do not have any real data dependencies between them. As is well understood by those skilled in the art, the elimination of these false data dependencies reveals more instruction-level parallelism in an instruction stream, which can then be exploited by various and complementary techniques such as superscalar and out-of-order execution in order to increase performance.

Hence, for any source or destination operands specified in an instruction by reference to architectural registers, the rename circuitry 30 may map those architectural registers to corresponding physical registers within the register bank 62, so that in due course when the decoded instruction is executed, the required data processing operations will be performed with reference to the contents of the identified physical registers.

The decoded instructions, as subjected to renaming by the rename circuitry, are passed to the issue circuitry 40 which in one embodiment can maintain an issue queue of decoded instructions that are awaiting dispatch to the execution circuitry 50. The issue circuitry 40 determines whether operands required for execution of the instructions are available, and issues the instructions for execution when the operands are available. Some example arrangements may support in-order processing so that instructions are issued for execution in an order corresponding to the program order in which instructions were fetched from the level one instruction cache 70, whilst other example arrangements may support out-of-order execution, so that instructions can be issued to the execution circuitry in a different order from the program order. Out-of-order processing can be useful for improving performance because, while an earlier instruction is stalled awaiting operands, a later instruction in the program order whose operands are available can be executed first.

The issue circuitry 40 issues the instructions to the execution circuitry 50 where the instructions are executed to carry out various data processing operations. For example, the execution circuitry may include a number of execution units 52, 54, 56 including an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) 52 for carrying out arithmetic or logical operations on integer values, a floating-point unit (FPU) 32 for carrying out operations on values represented in floating-point form, and a load/store unit 56 for carrying out load operations to load a data value from a level one (L1) data cache 75 into a register of the register bank 62, or store operations to store a data value from a register of the register bank 62 to the level one data cache 75. It will be appreciated that these are just some examples of the types of execution units which could be provided, and many other kinds could also be provided.

As instructions are dispatched to the execution circuitry 50 by the issue circuitry 40, the required source operands may be retrieved from the register storage 60, and then in due course the results of the executed instructions may be written back to the register storage 60.

As shown in FIG. 1, the L1 instruction cache 70 and the L1 data cache 75 may be part of a cache hierarchy including multiple levels of cache. For example, a level 2 (L2) cache may also be provided, and optionally further levels of cache could also be provided (these further levels of cache being schematically illustrated by the block 80 in FIG. 1). In this example, the L2 and further levels of cache are shared between the L1 instruction cache 70 and the L1 data cache 75, but other examples may have separate L2 instruction and data caches. When an instruction to be fetched is not in the L1 instruction cache 70, then it can be fetched from the L2 cache (or indeed lower levels of cache), and similarly if the instruction is not in those levels of cache it can be fetched from the main memory 85. Similarly, in response to load instructions, data can be fetched from the level 2 or lower levels of cache 80 if it is not in the L1 data cache 75, or can be fetched from memory 85 if required. Any known scheme may be used for managing the cache hierarchy.

As shown in FIG. 1, in addition to the register bank 62 comprising a plurality of physical registers, a register bank cache 64 is provided for caching a subset of the data held in the register bank 62 (the register bank may also be referred to herein as a register file). The processing pipeline can then attempt to access the required data in the register bank cache 64, and only in the event that the data is not in the register bank cache will an access to the register bank 62 be required. This can give rise to significant performance benefits in modern data processing systems, where the size of the register bank 62, and the number of read and write ports provided for the register bank, can cause the access time associated with an access to the register bank to give rise to a significant bottleneck in the processing of instructions. In order to obtain the best performance improvement, it is desirable for the operands required by the processing pipeline to be available in the register bank cache 64 by the time the instructions are ready to be executed by the execution circuitry 50. However, it is also desirable to keep the size of the register bank cache 64 relatively small, so as to increase access performance.

As shown in FIG. 1, prefetch circuitry 110 is provided to seek to prefetch data values from the register bank 62 into the register bank cache 64, with the aim of increasing the likelihood that data values required by the execution circuitry 50 will be present in the register bank cache by the time they are needed by the execution circuitry. The prefetch circuitry 110 can be arranged to receive prefetch requests from a variety of sources, but one particular source is the speculative source operand buffer 105 shown in FIG. 1, that receives an input from operand analysis circuitry 100.

The operand analysis circuitry 100 is arranged to derive source operand information for the instructions fetched from memory, at a point in time well ahead of when those instructions will be ready for execution by the execution circuitry. In particular, the operand analysis circuitry 100 may be arranged so that it derives the source operand information from a fetched instruction before that fetched instruction has been fully decoded, and hence before the execution circuitry can begin execution of that instruction.

In the particular embodiment shown in FIG. 1, as each instruction is added to the instruction buffer 95 by the fetch circuitry 90, the operand analysis circuitry 100 reviews that instruction to seek to determine the source operand information. At this stage, it will not necessarily be clear whether the instruction will in fact in due course be executed, since for example the taken/not taken behaviour of preceding branch instructions will not typically yet be known. However, by analysing the instructions at this early stage, it is possible to provide an early indication of required source operand information, even if that source operand information is somewhat speculative.

There are a number of ways in which the operand analysis circuitry 100 can seek to derive source operand information from the instruction at this early stage. For example, in some architectures some partial decoding of the instruction will occur at this early stage, and may be sufficient to identify the type of instruction. The operand analysis 100 can be arranged to have access to any such partial decode information, so that information can be used when deriving the source operand information. For example, if the type of instruction is known, it may be apparent which bits of the instruction will specify the source operand information, and accordingly those bits can be extracted and analysed in order to determine one or more source operands identified by the instruction.

Alternatively, even if type information is not available for the instruction, some instruction sets may place the source operand information in particular bit fields of the instructions, and accordingly it may be predictable as to which bits of the instruction will represent the source operand information. In such instances, those bits can be analysed in order to derive the source operand information.

The operand analysis circuitry 100 may be arranged to seek to generate speculative source operand information for every instruction added into the instruction buffer, or in an alternative example may decide to preclude certain instructions from that process. For example, if the instruction type information is known then it may be considered appropriate not to output speculative source operand information for certain types of instruction. For example, certain types of instruction may not consume a source operand that is specified with reference to an architectural register, and accordingly when that instruction is executed in due course there will be no need to read a source operand from the register storage 60. Examples of such instructions may be load instructions that load a data value from a memory address into a register, or direct branch instructions that identify the target address without requiring the contents of a source register.

More details of the operation of the operand analysis circuitry 100 will be discussed later with reference to FIG. 2. As each item of source operand information is generated by the operand analysis circuitry 100 it is output into the speculative source operand buffer 105, and the prefetch circuitry 110 is arranged to have access to that buffer. The buffer can be arranged in a variety of ways, and hence in one embodiment may be a simple first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffer so that the contents of the buffer are considered in order by the prefetch circuitry. In other embodiments, the prefetch circuitry may be able to analyse the contents of multiple of the buffer entries at the same time, and hence may not need to process the entries in the order in which they are added by the operand analysis circuitry 100.

The speculative source operand information will in one embodiment identify architectural registers that have been specified by the instructions. As discussed earlier, the rename circuitry 30 is used to map those architectural registers to actual physical registers within the register bank 62. Accordingly, if the prefetch circuitry 110 is to seek to prefetch contents of certain registers into the register bank cache 64, it needs to know which physical registers correspond to the architectural registers at any particular point in time. Accordingly, in one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, the rename circuitry 30 has access to the speculative source operand buffer 105, and hence a lookup operation can be triggered within the rename circuitry in order to identify, for each architectural register added in an entry of the buffer 105, the corresponding physical register, with that physical register information then being written back to the entry to provide an updated entry for reference by the prefetch circuitry 110. The prefetch circuitry 110 can then review the contents of one or more active entries within the buffer 105, in order to identify physical registers whose contents should be promoted into the register bank cache 64.

As mentioned earlier, in the illustrated example the speculative source operand information is produced by the operand analysis circuitry 100 at an early stage, prior to an instruction being fully decoded, and prior to it being confirmed whether that instruction will in fact be executed. Hence, in one embodiment, the contents of the buffer 105 can be treated as low priority prefetch requests, and the prefetch circuitry may preferentially process prefetch requests received from other components that are considered to be higher priority. Examples may for example be the rename circuitry 30 and the issue circuitry 40, which may in one embodiment be able to issue prefetch requests to the prefetch circuitry 110, as indicated by the dotted lines in FIG. 1. For example, the rename circuitry 30 may be arranged to output a prefetch request to the prefetch circuitry 110 as it outputs a decoded instruction to the issue circuitry 40. At that point in time, the physical registers associated with the source operands will have been determined, and accordingly such a prefetch request can identify source operands associated with the decoded instruction that is being forwarded to the issue circuitry. Similarly, the issue circuitry 40 may analyse its issue queue and at certain points in time issue prefetch requests to the prefetch circuitry 110, so as to allow those prefetch requests to be processed at a time before an instruction is actually dispatched to the execution circuitry 50.

However, whenever the prefetch circuitry 110 has available resource, it can process the contents of the buffer 105, in order to prefetch contents of certain registers from the register bank 62 into the register bank cache 64, in anticipation of those contents being required in due course when executing instructions within the execution circuitry 50.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of the operand analysis circuitry 100 in accordance with one example arrangement. At step 150, it is determined whether a new speculative instruction has been output to the instruction buffer 95, and if so then at step 155 it is determined whether the type of instruction is known. As discussed earlier, this may for example be the case if any preliminary decoding of the instruction takes place within the ISIDE circuitry 10. If so, then it is determined at step 160 whether the instruction is of a type that is precluded from further analysis by the operand analysis circuitry 100, and if so the process proceeds to step 165 where no further action is required.

However, if it is determined that the type of instruction is not precluded from further processing, then at step 170 the operand analysis circuitry identifies the source operand fields for that instruction and derives the source operand data from those identified fields. As discussed earlier, when the type of instruction is available, it will often be the case that the bits that encode the operand information will be known, and accordingly those specific bits can be extracted and analysed at step 170.

However, if at step 155 it is determined that the type of instruction is not known, then it may still be possible to perform some sensible analysis of the source operand information. For example, it may be the case that for at least the vast majority of the instructions in an instruction set, a certain predetermined number of bits are used to specify the source operand information, and accordingly at step 175 those predetermined bits can be extracted and analysed in order to derive the source operand data.

It should be noted that absolute precision is not a requirement at this point, since the main aim of the operand analysis circuitry is to provide some speculative source operand information that can be used by the prefetch circuitry 110 to anticipate at an early stage the likely source operand requirements of the execution circuitry. If the source operand information is not always identified accurately, this is not problematic, since the only result is that the contents of one or more registers in the register bank 62 are unnecessarily prefetched into the register bank cache 64. Such a situation can also arise if the instruction flow does not proceed as expected, and accordingly some prefetching occurs in respect of instructions that are not in due course actually executed. However, assuming that in the majority of cases the instructions are in fact in due course executed, and an accurate assessment can be made of the source operand information for most of those instructions, the above described process employing the buffer 105 and the prefetch circuitry 110 can lead to a significantly increased hit rate within the register bank cache 64 when operands are in due course accessed by the issue circuitry 40 and/or execution circuitry 50.

Following steps 170 or 175, then in one embodiment the derived source operand information can then at that point be added into the buffer 105 at step 190. However, as shown in FIG. 2, in an alternative arrangement, an additional decision step can first be added, as indicated by the box 180. In particular, the ISIDE circuitry 10 may know which architectural destination registers are associated with pending write operations. Then, if any derived source operand information indicates an architectural register to be used as a source operand which it is known is also the destination register for a pending write operation, it may be decided to be inappropriate to place that source operand information into the buffer 105. In particular, this scenario indicates a scenario where the current contents of the relevant physical register within the register bank will not store the information that will actually be required in due course as a source operand for the instruction that is currently being analysed by the operand analysis circuitry, and instead the required data will be the result of a pending instruction that has yet to be executed by the execution circuitry. Hence, in one embodiment it will be considered inappropriate to seek to prefetch into the register bank cache 64 the current contents of the identified source register, and instead as indicated by step 185 in FIG. 2, that source operand data can be omitted from the source operand data that is added to the buffer 105.

FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically illustrating the interaction between the rename circuitry 30 and the speculative source operand buffer 105 in one example arrangement. The speculative source operand buffer 105 comprises buffer storage 215 consisting of a plurality of entries 220. When each entry is populated by the operand analysis circuitry 100, it contains the derived source operand information, which in one embodiment will identify a specific architectural register that the operand analysis circuitry 100 considers will be used as a source operand for an instruction in due course. Lookup circuitry 225 can then be used to trigger a lookup within the rename circuitry 30, and in particular with reference to the register map 200 maintained by the rename circuitry to identify the current correspondence between architectural registers specified by instructions and the physical registers within the register bank 62. In particular, the register map 200 will contain a plurality of entries 205, where each entry identifies a physical register currently corresponding to an architectural register. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, there will typically be significantly more physical registers than there are architectural registers, and a free list 210 can be maintained within the rename circuitry to identify the currently available physical registers, so that when in due course it is necessary to allocate another physical register to an architectural register, a physical register can be chosen from the free list.

As a result of the lookup operation, the current content of an entry 220 can be updated to replace the derived source operand information output by the operand analysis circuitry with a physical register identifier. In one embodiment, this physical register identifier information can be used to overwrite the original source operand information, since the source operand information does not need to be retained. Hence, a field 222 within an entry 220 can be used initially to store the source operand information, and then in due course to store the physical register identifier determined by the lookup operation with reference to the rename circuitry 30.

In one example arrangement, this is all the information that needs to be retained in each entry of the buffer 105. However, in an alternative example arrangement, some optional status information can also be added in an additional field 224. In particular, for each entry 205 in the register map 200 of the rename circuitry 30, there may be associated status information. This status information may be stored as part of the register map, or may be stored elsewhere within the system, but linked to particular entries in the register map. The status information can for example identify whether the physical register associated with the architectural register currently stores the most up-to-date data destined for that physical register, i.e. there are no pending operations that will write to that physical register as a destination operand. Alternatively the status information may identify that there is at least one pending write operation to that physical register. In one embodiment, that status information can be output as part of the lookup response so that it can be stored in association with each entry within the buffer 105, for later reference by the prefetch circuitry 110. This will be discussed later with reference to FIG. 7.

The register bank cache 64 can be arranged in a variety of ways, but one example is as shown in FIG. 4. In particular, each entry within the register bank cache 64 comprises a plurality of fields. The field 250 is used to store a register identifier used to identify the corresponding physical register within the register bank 62 for which that cache entry stores a data value, whilst field 252 is used to store the data value associated with that register. One or more control fields can be used to provide control information, such as the valid field 254 used to identify whether the cache entry is valid or invalid, and the dirty field 256 used to identify whether the current contents stored in that cache entry are more up-to-date than the version held in the identified register. In particular, it is possible that when result data is generated by the execution circuitry, it may be written into the register bank cache without at that time being replicated within the register bank. If so, then the dirty flag will be set to identify that the register bank cache contents are more up-to-date than the contents in the register bank 62. In due course, that data can then be evicted to the register bank, as necessary.

In addition, eviction control information can be maintained in one or more fields 258, and used by control circuitry associated with the register bank cache when deciding which cache entries to evict from the cache in order to make space for new data that needs allocating into the cache. The eviction control information can take a variety of forms, but in one example could be some form of aging information, so that the longer the contents of a cache line are maintained within the register bank cache without being accessed, the more likely they are to be evicted should space be required within the register bank cache to allocate new data.

If desired, certain entries could be aged more quickly than others, if the cache control circuitry has access to contextual information indicative of activities performed during instruction execution. For example, if the content of a particular register bank cache entry is associated with a physical register that has recently been the subject of a store instruction (i.e. the current contents of that physical register have recently been written out to memory), this may imply that it is less likely that that cache entry's contents will be used as a source operand for a subsequent instruction, and accordingly it could be decided to update the eviction control information in the field 258 so as to age that particular entry more quickly than other entries.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of the prefetch circuitry when handling a prefetch request. As mentioned earlier, the prefetch request may come from a variety of sources, for example the rename circuitry 30, the issue circuitry 40, or one of the entries in the buffer 105. When the prefetch circuitry determines at step 260 to accept a prefetch request, then at step 265 it performs a lookup operation within the register bank cache 64 to check whether up-to-date data for the identified physical register is already held in the register bank cache. If so, then at step 270 it is determined that no further action is required, and that prefetch request is considered to have been processed.

However, if up-to-date data is not already in the register bank cache, then at step 275 a victim entry within the register bank cache is selected, for example with reference to the eviction control information 258 if all of the entries currently contain valid information. However, if any entry does not store valid information, then one of the invalid entries will typically be chosen as a victim entry. Once the victim entry has been selected, then at step 275 the current content of that victim entry is evicted to the register bank cache if needed, in one embodiment this being necessary if the contents of that victim entry are indicated as being both valid and dirty.

Thereafter, at step 280, the content in the register identified by the prefetch request is loaded into the register bank cache, and the valid bit for the relevant entry in the register bank cache is set to identify that the content is valid.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating in more detail how the prefetch circuitry processes a buffer entry within the buffer 105.

At step 300, the prefetch circuitry determines whether there are any active pending entries in the buffer 105. The active entries can be indicated in a variety of ways, dependent on the format of the buffer. For example, if a FIFO structure is used, control information can be provided to identify whether the FIFO currently contains at least one active entry, and in such situations, the prefetch circuitry will consider the entry at the head of the FIFO. In a circular buffer arrangement, head and tail pointers may be used to identify the active entries within the buffer, there being at least one active entry whenever the head pointer and the tail pointer differ. In a further alternative example, valid bits may be associated with each of the entries, which can be set or cleared to identify whether the entries are active, i.e. contain a physical register identifier to be processed by the prefetch circuitry 110.

When at step 300 it is determined that there is at least one pending entry in the buffer, then at step 305 it is checked whether there are any asserted prefetch requests of higher priority, which as mentioned earlier could for example take the form of prefetch requests issued by the rename circuitry 30 or the issue circuitry 40. If there are any asserted prefetch requests of higher priority, then at step 310 those asserted prefetches are processed first, with the process then returning to step 300.

However, if at step 305 it is determined that there are no currently asserted prefetch requests of higher priority, then at step 315 the prefetch circuitry 110 chooses a pending entry from the buffer 105. There are a number of schemes that could be used to choose one of the active buffer entries, but in one embodiment the oldest entry in the buffer will be selected. The prefetch circuitry may be able to review multiple entries within the buffer, for example to skip empty or invalidated slots within the buffer.

Thereafter, at step 320, the prefetch circuitry loads data from the identified register into the register bank cache, unless it determines that up-to-date data for that register is already stored in the register bank cache. Thereafter, the buffer entry that has been processed is marked as having been processed at step 325. This may involve actively invalidating the entry, or modifying pointers for the buffer so as to exclude the entry that has just been processed from the pending entries. The process then returns to step 300.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating an optional modification that can be used to replace steps 320 and 325 in FIG. 6, in situations where the status information discussed earlier with reference to FIG. 3 may be added in association with one or more of the entries. At step 350, it is determined whether the status information is associated with the chosen entry from the buffer, and if not the process proceeds to step 365, which corresponds with the step 320 discussed earlier with reference to FIG. 6. The entry is then marked as processed at step 370, this corresponding to the step 325 discussed earlier with reference to FIG. 6.

However, if there is status information associated with the chosen entry, then the process proceeds to step 355 where it is determined whether that status information indicates that there is a pending write operation to the identified register. If not, then the process proceeds to step 365, but otherwise proceeds to step 360. In particular, if there is a pending write operation, the prefetch circuitry may be arranged to determine that is it not appropriate to prefetch the current contents of the identified register from the register bank 62 into the register bank cache 64. Instead, it may be arranged to use that information to cause the result data, when generated by the execution circuitry 50 for the relevant instruction, to be written directly into the register bank cache 64. As a result, this causes that result data to be present in the register bank cache 64 as soon as it is available. The result data may be written into the register bank cache 64 instead of being written into the destination register of the register bank 62, or alternatively may be written into the register bank cache 64 as well as being written into the destination register of the register bank 62.

Following step 360, the relevant entry is then marked as processed at step 370.

In one embodiment, the status information added into the buffer entries 220 is not updated after the initial lookup into the rename circuitry is performed, and hence may potentially be out-of-date by the time the prefetch circuitry reviews it. However, if it is determined that the result data has already been written into the register bank cache by the time the prefetch circuitry considers the entry, then the prefetch circuitry may determine that no action is needed and just mark the entry as processed.

A similar mechanism could also be applied earlier by the rename circuitry. 30. For example, if at the time the lookup is performed in the rename circuitry, it is determined that the result data has already been written into the register bank cache, the relevant entry in the buffer 105 could be invalidated rather than being populated with the relevant physical register identifier.

In an alternative example, the status information could be updated periodically whilst it is retained within the buffer 105 if this was considered beneficial (for example to allow on the fly invalidation of entries that no longer need to be considered by the prefetch circuitry), but this would likely increase the complexity of the interaction between the buffer 105 and the processing pipeline, and that complexity may not be warranted in many situations.

FIG. 8 schematically illustrates another example mechanism that can be used to control the operations performed by the prefetch circuitry 110. This mechanism may be used instead of, or in addition to, the mechanism described earlier that made use of the speculative source operand buffer 105. As shown in FIG. 8, the circuitry is essentially as discussed earlier with reference to FIG. 1, and may or may not include the operand analysis circuitry 100 and the speculative source operand buffer 105. In addition to the components shown in FIG. 1, the issue circuitry 40 has Tag Q storage 400 associated therewith, and in addition register bank cache usage control circuitry 410 is provided that can issue prefetch timing control information to the prefetch circuitry 110, using a mechanism that will be discussed in more detail later. A write destination controller 420 is also provided for controlling whether the result data output from the execution circuitry 50 is written into the register bank cache 64 or the register bank 62, or indeed whether the result data is written into both the register bank cache and the register bank. The operation of the write destination controller 420 can also be influenced by the register bank usage control circuitry 410, as will be discussed in more detail later.

As each instruction is dispatched from the issue circuitry 40 into one of the execution units of the execution circuitry 50, an entry is added into the Tag Q storage 400. This entry identifies the physical destination register that the result will be written to for that instruction, and also an indication of the number of clock cycles it will take before the result data is available to be written into the destination register. In particular, there will only be a predetermined number of write ports into the register bank 62, or collectively into the register storage 60 if result data can be written directly into the register bank cache 64 instead of the register bank 62. Further, the number of execution units within the execution circuitry may exceed the total number of write ports available. It is important to ensure that the amount of result data produced by the execution circuitry in each clock cycle does not exceed the available bandwidth for writing that result data into the register storage, as dictated by the number of write ports. Hence, before the issue circuitry issues an instruction, it needs to determine how many cycles it will take before the result data will be available, having regard to the particular execution unit to which the instruction is to be dispatched, and then check within the Tag Q storage 400 that there is availability for result data generated at that timing.

The Tag Q storage can be structured in a variety of ways, but in one embodiment takes the form illustrated in FIG. 9. In particular, a plurality of storage structures 430, 432, 434, 436 can be provided, each having a number of slots equal to the number of available write ports, and each storage structure being associated with a particular clock cycle. As each clock cycle passes, the contents logically move to the adjacent storage structure. In one embodiment this is achieved by migrating the contents of the storage structures, for example using shift circuitry. However, in an alternative embodiment, this could be achieved by varying the clock cycles associated with each storage structure rather than migrating the contents. For example, in one such embodiment the Tag Q storage could be implemented as a circular buffer, with the read pointer shifting with each clock cycle to identify the storage structure whose slots identify physical registers for which results will be produced in the next clock cycle. As each instruction is issued by the issue circuitry, the write pointer can be determined with reference to the read pointer, taking into account the latency of the execution unit to which the instruction is being issued (i.e. the number of clock cycles that execution unit will take to execute the instruction).

Since the issue circuitry knows which execution unit it will issue an instruction to, and knows how many clock cycles each execution unit takes to process an instruction, it will know in how many cycles the result data will become available if that instruction is issued in the current clock cycle. It can hence refer to the appropriate storage structure 430, 432, 434, 436 to check that there is an available slot, and if so can then issue that instruction and write an indication of the destination physical register into the available slot.

In one example arrangement, this structure, which is already provided to ensure there is capacity to write into the register storage the result data produced by the execution circuitry, is also re-used to influence the operations performed by the prefetch circuitry 110, under control of the register bank cache usage control circuitry 410.

In particular, as shown in FIG. 8, as each instruction is passed from the rename circuitry 30 to the issue circuitry 40, an indication of the source operand identifiers for that instruction is passed to the register bank cache usage control circuitry 410. The register bank cache usage control circuitry then performs a lookup within the Tag Q storage 400 to determine whether any of those source operand identifiers (which at this point will identify physical registers within the register bank as determined by the rename circuitry 30) are identified within any of the slots of the Tag Q storage. If they are, then this means that the data value required by that source operand will be produced by the result of an instruction that is already in-flight within the execution circuitry 50. Further, the Tag Q storage information will identify how many clock cycles remain until that result data is available. This can then be used to issue prefetch timing control information to the prefetch circuitry 110 to control the time at which the prefetch circuitry seeks to preload into the register bank cache the data values of the other source operands. By way of specific example, if it is known that one of the source operands will only become available as result data in six cycles time, then that information can be encoded in the prefetch timing control signal, so that the prefetch circuitry 110 does not prefetch the other source operands too early. In one example, an indication of these other source operand registers can be passed to the prefetch circuitry along with the timing control signal.

It is desirable to keep the size of the register bank cache as small as possible, and in order for efficiency to be maintained it is desirable not to prefetch into the register bank cache source operands before they are actually needed, whilst still ensuring that they are available by the time they are needed. In situations where one of the source operands will be provided by the result data from an instruction in-flight, then by the above approach the timing of availability of that result data can be used to influence the time at which the other operands are loaded into the register bank cache by prefetch operations performed by the prefetch circuitry.

In addition, in one embodiment, the write destination controller 420 has the option to write result data either into the register bank cache 64 or into the register bank 62. In situations where the register bank cache usage control circuitry 410 has determined that a result data value will be used as a source operand for a subsequent instruction, it can instruct the write destination controller 420 so as to cause that result data to be written into the register bank cache. In such situations, by using both the write control signal to the write destination controller 420 and the prefetch timing control signal issued to the prefetch circuitry 110, the prefetch operations can be undertaken with the aim of ensuring that all of the required source operand information for a particular instruction becomes available in the register bank cache 64 at approximately the same time.

This process is illustrated in more detail by the flow diagram of FIG. 10.

At step 450, the register bank cache usage control circuitry 410 determines whether it has received source operand identifiers from the rename stage 30. When that information is provided, it then performs a lookup operation at step 455 to determine whether any of the identified operands are being tracked in the Tag Q storage 400. If not, then in one embodiment it is determined at step 460 that no further action is required by the register bank cache usage control circuitry.

However, where at least one of the identified source operands is being tracked in the Tag Q storage, then at step 465 it is determined whether there is at least one other source operand that is not being tracked.

If that is the case, then at step 470 a timing control signal is generated by the register bank cache usage control circuitry 410 to issue to the prefetch circuitry, and this causes the prefetch circuitry to control the timing of prefetching of any of those source operands not being tracked in the Tag Q storage, using timing derived from the Tag Q storage for the source operand, or source operands, that are being tracked.

In addition to issuing the timing signal at step 470, at step 475 a write control signal is issued from the register bank cache usage control circuitry to the write destination controller 420 so that, as the result becomes available from the execution circuitry for each of the tracked source operands, this causes the write destination controller to write that result into the register bank cache 64, so that it is immediately available for access by the issue circuitry 40 and/or the execution circuitry 50.

In the event that, at step 465, it is determined that all of the source operands associated with the instruction are being tracked, then step 470 becomes unnecessary, and instead the process proceeds directly to step 475.

The above described process is illustrated by way of a specific example with reference to FIG. 11. At step 500, it is assumed that the decoder decodes an add instruction that specifies architectural registers R4 and R5 as source operands and architectural register R6 as a destination operand. Then, in the rename stage it is assumed that the rename circuitry maps R6 to the physical register P20, R4 to the physical register P16 and R5 to the physical register P8 at step 505. As the decoded and renamed instruction is issued to the issue circuitry, a signal is also sent to the register bank cache usage control circuitry 410 identifying that the source operands will be P8 and P16. At step 510, this causes the register bank cache usage control circuitry 410 to perform a lookup in the Tag Q storage 400, and in this example it is assumed that the physical register P8 is already being tracked in one of the slots of the Tag Q storage, whilst the physical register P16 is not. Further, for the physical register P8, the information in the Tag Q storage identifies that the result will be available in four clock cycles.

Using this information, at step 515 the register bank cache usage control circuitry issues a timing control signal to the prefetch circuitry 110 to identify that the physical register P16 should be prefetched into the register bank cache in four cycles time. It will be appreciated that in this embodiment it is determined that the timing control information should directly correspond with the cycle in which the result data is available, but in other embodiments the timing information can be adjusted as desired, for example to cause the prefetch operation to be initiated a cycle or two earlier, or a cycle or two later, as desired. However, essentially the aim is to cause the operations performed by the prefetch circuitry to take into account the availability of the result data for the other source operand, so that the data value in the physical register P16 is not prefetched into the register bank cache too early.

At step 520, the register bank cache usage control circuitry 410 also issues a write control signal to the write destination controller 420, so that when the result data for the physical register P8 does become available, the write destination controller 420 is then primed to write that result into the register bank cache 64. The write destination controller may choose to write the result into the register bank cache 64 without also writing it at the same time into the register bank 62, or alternatively may decide to also store the result in the register bank. The decision taken by the write destination controller in this respect will determine whether the data as stored in the register bank cache is marked as dirty or not.

In one example arrangement, the register bank cache usage control circuitry 410 can also be responsive to source operand information provided directly by the issue circuitry. In particular, when the register bank cache usage control circuitry performs the lookup in the Tag Q storage using the information provided by the rename circuitry, it will only identify situations where one of the source operands is also being used as a destination operand for an instruction that is already in the process of being executed within the execution circuitry 50, but will not detect the situation where there is another pending instruction that will write to that register, but which is still pending within the issue circuitry and has not yet been dispatched to the execution circuitry 50, since for such an instruction there will not yet be any entry in the Tag Q storage 400. As will be described with reference to the flow diagram of FIG. 12, additional functionality added in association with the issue circuitry can be used to detect such situations. In particular, at step 600, the issue circuitry detects when a new instruction is added into its issue queue, and then at step 605 evaluates whether any of the source operands of that new instruction are dependent on the results of another pending instruction that is still retained within the issue queue. If not, it is determined at step 610 that no further action is required.

However, if it is the case that at least one of the source operands of the newly added instruction are dependent on the result of another pending instruction, then the sequence of steps illustrated in the remainder of FIG. 12 may be performed.

Steps 615 and 620 are optional, and in one embodiment can be omitted so that the process proceeds directly to step 625. At step 615, the issue circuitry determines the number of cycles that will be required by the execution circuitry to execute that other pending instruction. In particular, based on the knowledge of the instruction, the issue circuitry can determine which execution unit it will in due course dispatch that instruction to, and will know how many clock cycles that execution unit will take to execute the instruction.

Using that information, the issue circuitry can then issue a trigger to the register bank cache usage control circuitry 410 at step 620 to cause the register bank cache usage control circuitry to issue a preliminary timing control signal to the prefetch circuitry 110. This could for example identify one or more physical registers whose contents should be prefetched to the register bank cache 64, but also identify that those contents will not be required for at least X cycles, where for instance X is determined with reference to the known execution time determined at step 615. In particular, since that other pending instruction has not yet been dispatched, it is known that there will be at least the number of clock cycles associated with the execution of that other pending instruction before its result data will become available, and hence before all of the source operands required for the newly added instruction detected at step 600 need to be available.

Irrespective of whether steps 615 and 620 are performed, at step 625 the issue queue can determine when that other pending instruction has now been issued. Once that other pending instruction is issued, an entry will be made in the Tag Q storage 400, and accordingly at step 630 the source operand identifiers for the new instruction may be sent to the register bank cache usage control circuitry. This will trigger a lookup operation within the Tag Q storage 400 in the same way as discussed earlier with reference to FIG. 10, but in this case it is known that there will be a hit detected, and hence at step 635 the timing information will be obtained from the Tag Q storage for the relevant source operand. From this point, as indicated by step 640, the process can continue from step 465 of FIG. 10.

By such an approach, it will be seen that the timing at which certain source operand data is prefetched from the register bank 62 into the register bank cache 64 can be fine-tuned to take into account the availability of other source operand data, in situations where that other source operand data will be produced by the result of an instruction whose execution has not yet completed. This can enable more efficient use of the available resources within the register bank cache, and potentially enable the size of the register bank cache to be reduced, whilst still giving rise to a high hit rate within the register bank cache 64 when source operands are requested from the register storage 60.

In the present application, the words “configured to . . . ” are used to mean that an element of an apparatus has a configuration able to carry out the defined operation. In this context, a “configuration” means an arrangement or manner of interconnection of hardware or software. For example, the apparatus may have dedicated hardware which provides the defined operation, or a processor or other processing device may be programmed to perform the function. “Configured to” does not imply that the apparatus element needs to be changed in any way in order to provide the defined operation.

Although illustrative embodiments of the invention have been described in detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various changes, additions and modifications can be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, various combinations of the features of the dependent claims could be made with the features of the independent claims without departing from the scope of the present invention. 

1. An apparatus comprising: execution circuitry to execute instructions to process data values; a register file comprising a plurality of registers to store the data values for access by the execution circuitry; a register cache comprising a plurality of entries and arranged to cache a subset of the data values for access by the execution circuitry, each entry arranged to cache a data value and an indication of the register associated with that cached data value; prefetch circuitry to perform prefetch operations to prefetch data values from the register file into the register cache; timing indication storage to store, for each data value to be generated as a result of instructions being executed within the execution circuitry, a register identifier for said data value and timing information indicating when that data value will be generated by the execution circuitry; and cache usage control circuitry, responsive to receipt of a plurality of register identifiers associated with source data values for a pending instruction yet to be executed by the execution circuitry, to generate, with reference to the timing information in the timing indication storage, a timing control signal to control timing of at least one prefetch operation performed by the prefetch circuitry.
 2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of the source data values for said pending instruction is formed by the result of another instruction being executed within the execution circuitry, and the prefetch circuitry uses the timing control signal to control a time at which at least one of the other source data values becomes available in the register cache to take account of a time of availability of said result of said another instruction.
 3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the plurality of register identifiers associated with the source data values comprise at least one register identifier identified in the timing indication storage and at least one remaining register identifier; the cache usage control circuitry is arranged to use the timing information associated with said at least one register identifier to generate the timing control signal; and the prefetch circuitry is arranged to use the timing control signal to control a time at which a prefetch operation is performed using the at least one remaining register identifier.
 4. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the prefetch circuitry is arranged to use the timing control signal to seek to control the time at which data currently stored in each register identified by said at least one remaining register identifier is loaded into the register cache, to take into account the time at which a data value associated with said at least one register identifier will be generated by the execution circuitry.
 5. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: destination control circuitry to determine, for each data value generated by the execution circuitry, whether to write the data value into the register cache.
 6. An apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein the cache usage control circuitry is arranged to send a notification to the destination control circuitry when the register identifier for a data value to be generated by the execution circuitry matches one of the register identifiers associated with the source data values for said pending instruction, and the destination control circuitry is responsive to said notification to write the data value into the register cache when that data value is output from the execution circuitry.
 7. An apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein the prefetch circuitry is arranged to use the timing control signal to seek to align a time at which one or more remaining source data values for said pending instruction are loaded from the register file into the register cache, and the time at which the destination control circuitry writes said data value into the register cache.
 8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein in the absence of said notification the destination control circuitry is arranged to write said data value into the identified register of the register file rather than writing said data value into the register cache.
 9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: issue circuitry to store pending instructions prior to issuance to the execution circuitry; and the cache usage control circuitry is arranged to analyse the plurality of register identifiers associated with source data values for each pending instruction in the issue circuitry.
 10. An apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein the cache usage control circuitry is arranged to receive the plurality of register identifiers associated with source data values for each pending instruction at the time that pending instruction is provided to the issue circuitry.
 11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein the number of registers in the register file exceeds a number of architectural registers specifiable by the instructions, and the apparatus further comprises: rename circuitry to map the architectural registers specified by the instructions to registers within the register file, so that when the instructions are executed by the execution circuitry data values are accessed using register identifiers determined by the rename circuitry; and the rename circuitry is arranged to provide an input to the issue circuitry, and to provide to the cache usage control circuitry the plurality of register identifiers associated with source data values for each pending instruction.
 12. An apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein the issue circuitry is arranged to add an entry to the timing indication storage as each pending instruction is dispatched to the execution circuitry.
 13. An apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the execution circuitry comprises a plurality of pipelined execution units having differing pipeline lengths, and the timing information associated with a data value to be generated as a result of executing an instruction takes into account the pipeline length of the pipelined execution unit that is executing that instruction.
 14. An apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein: the issue circuitry comprises dependency identification circuitry to identify dependencies between pending instructions stored in the issue circuitry; and the issue circuitry is arranged, when the dependency identification circuitry indicates that a first pending instruction will generate a result that is required as a source data value for a second pending instruction, to forward to the cache usage control circuitry the register identifiers associated with source data values for the second pending instruction when the first pending instruction is issued to the execution circuitry, so as to cause the cache usage control circuitry to generate, with reference to the timing information in the timing indication storage, a timing control signal to control timing of at least one prefetch operation performed by the prefetch circuitry for the identified registers of the second pending instruction.
 15. An apparatus as claimed in claim 14, wherein: prior to the first pending instruction being issued to the execution circuitry, the issue circuitry is arranged to forward to the cache usage control circuitry a trigger to cause the cache usage control circuitry to generate a preliminary timing control signal to provide an indication of a minimum time period before which the source data values will be required in connection with the second pending instruction; and the prefetch circuitry is arranged to use the preliminary timing control signal to control timing of at least one prefetch operation performed by the prefetch circuitry for the identified registers of the second pending instruction.
 16. An apparatus as claimed in claim 15, wherein the minimum time period is determined with reference to a number of clock cycles that will be required by the execution circuitry to execute the first pending instruction.
 17. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein when the execution circuitry is to execute an instruction, the register cache is arranged to perform a lookup operation in response to a register identifier identifying a data value required by the execution circuitry, such that the required data value is retrieved from the register cache rather than the register file when that data value is cached within the register cache.
 18. A method of operating an apparatus having execution circuitry to execute instructions to process data values, and a register file comprising a plurality of registers to store the data values for access by the execution circuitry, the method comprising: providing a register cache comprising a plurality of entries and arranged to cache a subset of the data values for access by the execution circuitry, each entry arranged to cache a data value and an indication of the register associated with that cached data value; employing prefetch circuitry to perform prefetch operations to prefetch data values from the register file into the register cache; storing in timing indication storage, for each data value to be generated as a result of instructions being executed within the execution circuitry, a register identifier for said data value and timing information indicating when that data value will be generated by the execution circuitry; and in response to receipt of a plurality of register identifiers associated with source data values for a pending instruction yet to be executed by the execution circuitry, generating, with reference to the timing information in the timing indication storage, a timing control signal to control timing of at least one prefetch operation performed by the prefetch circuitry.
 19. An apparatus comprising: execution means for executing instructions to process data values; register file means comprising a plurality of registers for storing the data values for access by the execution means; a register cache means for providing a plurality of entries and for caching a subset of the data values for access by the execution means, each entry arranged to cache a data value and an indication of the register associated with that cached data value; prefetch means for performing prefetch operations to prefetch data values from the register file means into the register cache means; timing indication storage means for storing, for each data value to be generated as a result of instructions being executed within the execution means, a register identifier for said data value and timing information indicating when that data value will be generated by the execution means; and cache usage control means, responsive to receipt of a plurality of register identifiers associated with source data values for a pending instruction yet to be executed by the execution means, for generating, with reference to the timing information in the timing indication storage means, a timing control signal to control timing of at least one prefetch operation performed by the prefetch means. 